Include bibliographical references (P: 28-29).

​1. Introduction -- 2. Social Spending Targets in Sub-Saharan Africa -- A. More Programs with Social Spending Targets -- B. Mostly Indicative Targets -- C. Growing Coverage of Social Protection -- D. Increasingly Specific Target Definitions -- E. Relatively “Ambitious” Targets -- 3. The Effect of Social Spending Targets -- A. High Target Completion Rate-- B. No Decline in Health and Education Spending Over the Course of IMF-Supported Programs-- C. Targets Are Effective at Protecting Social Spending during Fiscal Consolidations -- D. Some Evidence Suggests That Education and Health Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa Have Improved during IMF Programs with Social Spending Targets -- 4. Conclusion -- Annex

"This paper analyzes the significance and effectiveness of social spending targets in IMF-supported programs in Sub-Saharan Africa from 2002 to 2024. It highlights the evolution of these targets, particularly following the 2009 reform of IMF’s facilities for low-income countries, reflecting a growing recognition of the importance of safeguarding social expenditures amidst fiscal constraints. The findings reveal that social spending targets in the region represent a significant share of tax revenue, with a favorable completion rate in comparison to other fiscal conditionalities. Despite economic challenges, social spending on health and education has generally been preserved and even increased during IMF-supported programs, with positive outcomes such as improved educational enrollment and reduced infant mortality rates. The study underscores the importance of refining these targets to better serve vulnerable populations while adapting to changing economic conditions". (Publisher page)